the journal on Dec 2nd

The fertilizers are commonly used in the agriculture field. Even though fertilizers truly benefit the agriculture productions in some ways, I still believe that the use of fertilizers should be reduced for three main reasons.

The fertilizers usually put the negative effect on environment. The fertilizer that contains nitrogen element is one of the most commonly used fertilizers and I take it as an example. In some conditions, nitrogen element in that kind of fertilizer would form NOx near the ground level, which is harmful for every living creature. Other plants nearby would be negatively affected. NOx is one of the most influential air pollutants. It causes breathing problems. In the presence of oxygen gas, some amount of NO2 is likely to form nitric acid (HNO3), a strong acid. Even in lab, the nitric acid is one of most harmful material. When it appears in farm, the most of the compositions in soil would be destroyed and the soil become loose connected. In this case, the soil does not connect to each other any more. The sol erosion would be caused, just by using fertilizers. By the way, fertilizers are kind of excitants. The farm production would increase in several years. After that, that farm are not suitable for farming any more.

Second, the fertilizers would harm living creatures. Some materials, such as nitrogen and potassium, are the source of acid rain. Acid rain would irritate the whole respiratory tract from nose to lung. Severe eye irritation can be caused as well. At the same time, some of the negative material would become part of the plants. When people eat those plants, those materials would cause people to have ills. Considering the vegetation, some parts of leaves would be dry out and usually become bleached.

Also, the fertilizers cause other serious problems. The use of fertilizer would cause the global warming by producing some greenhouse gases; especially the nitrogen-based is used. It totally contributes 4% of total influence on global warming. During the rainy season, nitrogen element would move with soil into waterways. Another phenomenon, Eutrophication, is mentioned here. Nitrogen is a nutrient commonly appears in water. The excess nitrogen would cause the amount of bacteria in water rapidly increased. The water is completely polluted. No fish is supposed to stay there and people would be sick by drinking that kind of water.

In conclusion, the fertilizers deteriorate the environment, harming living creatures and cause other serious problems, like global warming. Therefore, the use of fertilizers should be gradually reduced until there is no fertilizer is used in total society.

this is my journal. a try for research paper.

the risk of smoking

introduction to tabacoo smoke

Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture of several thousand chemical compounds – some in tiny quantities – that are the product of burning the ingredients of the tobacco product. These include particulates (tar) of sticky solids, gases such as carbon monoxide, and volatiles. Most importantly, the smoke contains nicotine – the addictive drug. This mixture is constantly changing as the smoke ‘ages’ - chemicals in the smoke and background atmosphere react with each other and change under the effect of ultra-violet light. The chemical composition changes over time.

how many chemicals contained in tobacco somke

It is often said that “smoke contains over 4,000 chemicals” . But what does this number actually mean? It may be that 4,000 have been identified in smoke, but numbers like this are easily misunderstood. How many chemicals are present depends on where one draws a line of relevance – how much has to be present before the chemical is counted? Obviously the line could be drawn at the single molecule, in which case many more than 4,000 detected might be present - most undetectable with lab instruments.

chemical effect of tabacco somke

The number of chemicals itself is not really important - what matters is the toxicity of the chemicals and how much of the toxic chemicals are present. Smoke would be more harmful with a smaller number of more harmful chemicals in greater concentrations.

two types of smoking

1. Mainstream smoke: this is the smoke created when the smoker draws on the cigarette and inhales.

2. Sidestream smoke: this is the smoke created as the cigarette smoulders while not being inhaled.

Both types of smoke end up in the atmosphere around the smoker but they differ in chemical composition – primarily because the mainstream smoke is formed at a higher temperature and may be filtered as it passes through the cigarette and body.

anti-smoking law in China

The Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Thursday (Oct 19th) approved a law entitled the Smoking (Public Health) (Amendment) Bill 2005, which will take effect on January 1, 2007. In other places of China, people do not have restriction on smoking. They can smoke wherever they want.

the present condition in China

As mentioned, there is no anti-smoking law in China, except Hongkong. For most part of China, people are free to smoke. Due to the cheap price of cigarette, smoking is not even a burden to most of the Chinese families. In this case, the population of smoking remains at the same level. However, i think government should try to reduce the smoking population. Exclude political policies, some economical policies would make sense. For instance, adding a tax to the cigarette producers. The tax makes cigarettes to be less profitbale and it would cause producers to move into other industries. The amount of cigarette being produced would certainly decrease. therefore, less people would suffer from the danger of smoking.

the outline for research paper.

topic: the economical analysis and condition of Botswana and Azerbaijan

1. the economical overview of Botswana and Azerbaijan.
a. introduction of some basic index of economy, such as GDP, GDP growth rate.
b. Azerbaijan has unbelivebal GDP growth rates since 1999. it has the highest growth rate in the world during the years 2005, 2006 and 2007.
c. Botswana also has high GDP growth rate, about 5-7%.

2. the composition of total economy and what it leads to.
a. introduction of composition of GDP and how it affects the economy.
b. Azerbaijan has fews factor in its economy. the most important factor is natural resources and it benefits the export and increase the total wealth. however, only part of the population gains.
c. the two large compositions of Botswana are natural resource, which is maily caused by the affluence of diamond, and service. this is better than the condition in Azerbaijan, but there are still many troubles, such as poverty among some part of population and inequality.

3. the distribution of economy.
a. introduction of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors and their influence.
b. Azerbaijan focus on primary sector. it's easy to get growed in short-run, but it would be obstacle for further grow.
c. Botswana has 50% on primary and 50% on tertiary. even though it has great potential to make higher growth in long-run, it is not possible to grow due to lack of facilities.

4. human factor of these two countries.
a. some index with human factors, such as life expectancy, mortal rate and unemployment rate.
b. Azerbaijan has normal index in its area. it does not perform so well, but it's ok
c. the life expectancy is extremely low, because HIV is prevailing in Botswana. Also, the medical system does not work well, even the government have several attempts.

5. the conclusion of economical conditions in Azerbaijan and Botswana and suggestion for future growth